Surviving in the face of adversity. France's double standards in Francophone Africa.

France's foreign policy in Africa is at a crossroads. Gripped by the rise of the new sovereigntists and pan-Africanism, and forced to adapt to the diversification of its global partners, France is negotiating its survival. Its survival strategy is modified and defined on a case-by-case basis, depending on the context and balance of power. This double standard, translated into a foreign policy model, is quarrelsome and takes the form of a praxeology that changes according to circumstances. This article illustrates the reformulation of French foreign policy in French-speaking Africa by examining its contextualization and the double-standard translated into a foreign policy model for changing unfavorable circumstances. It shows how foreign policy adapts over time, and posits the category of combination of circumstances as a new indicator for defining foreign policy. The combination of circumstances makes it possible to reshape the traveler's model of ready-to-wear strategies, and to adapt and negotiate resilience. It enables us to maintain favorable circumstances, create opportunities and, above all, change unfavorable circumstances and favorable situations. Based on the cases of unconstitutional government rule in Chad, Côte d'Ivoire and the Sahel, we demonstrate that the double standard is a structural matrix of French foreign policy in Africa.

Keywords. Adversity, double standard, foreign policy, Francophone Africa, France.